The tragic weaponization of health care
The Syrian conflict has highlighted the dangers to health-care workers (HCWs) in humanitarian crises. The Lancet-American University of Beirut Commission on Syria reports on the weaponization of health care in Syria – a strategy of depriving people of their health-care needs. Targeting of HCWs was recognized early in the Syrian war with targeting of health-care facilities being frequently reported throughout the conflict. HCWs facing extreme supply shortages have been reported to resort to desperate measures: using urine bags with added anticoagulants for blood collection and crafting homemade external fixators for fractures. Sadly, the Syrian conflict is not unique. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) documented 2,398 episodes of violence directed at health facilities in 11 countries affected by armed conflict between 2012 and 2014 alone. In Syria and elsewhere, the exodus of trained medical personnel, due to lack of medical training in trauma, emergency medicine, and intensive care, puts populations at further risk in these regions. The Inte
Dr. Maves is a military service member. The opinions expressed herein are his own and do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the US Government.
Rashmi Mishra, MD
Fellow-in-Training Member
Ryan Maves, MD, FCCP
Steering Committee Member
The House AHCA /Senate BCRA compared with ACA (Affordable Care Act)
Health-care costs are a fundamental driver of insurance costs, which leads to challenges to coverage affordability for millions of families. There is ongoing debate whether the current law (Affordable Care Act [ACA/Obamacare]) and the republican alternatives (American Healthcare Act [AHCA] and Better Care Reconciliation Act [BCRA]) do enough to address the cost challenges. Here is a brief summary of the key similarities and differences.
Similarities: (1) Children will be covered up to age 26. (2) Coverage of pre-existing conditions continues (high risk pools will be subsidized by a state government but premiums are up to twice as much as individual coverage). (3) Tax credit (based on age and family size rather than income level). (4) Insurance can charge older customers more than younger (up to 3X under ACA, 5X under AHCA/BCRA). (5) No annual or lifetime payout limit (but states may apply waivers allowing insurers to apply limits).
Differences: (1) Insurance will no longer be mandatory (no individual or employer mandates, but there is a 30% increase in premiums for 1 year for not maintaining individual continuous coverage). (2) Medicaid expansion (expanded under ACA to 133% of po
Health-care reform undoubtedly is complicated, and there are a lot of questions in the air about the future of health care under the Trump Administration. Few certainties: change is coming, MACRA is here to stay.
Adel Bassily-Marcus, MD, FCCP
NetWork Chair
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Post-Lung Transplant
The majority of transplant physicians are mainly concerned with issues posttransplant that are focused on the graft function. But recently, neurocognition and posttransplant posttraumatic stress disorder have been found to have significant impact on quality of life and mortality after transplantation. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is described as re-experiencing a traumatic event in addition to having avoidant and hyperarousal symptoms, which last for a period of at least 1 month. Studies of PTSD in solid organ transplant recipients have revealed a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD symptoms (10% to 17%) compared with the general population (prevalence of 3.5% to 6%). In one study of heart transplant recipients, patients who met the criteria for PTSD in the first year posttransplant had a higher risk for 3-year mortality (OR=13.74) [Dew et al. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18[6]:549-562].
Lung transplant recipients are at a high risk for developing PTSD due to exposure to several traumatic events, such as a life-threatening exacerbation of the underlying lung disease, undergoing transplant surgery, intensive care unit stay, delirium and episodes of infection, and acute and chronic rejection. However, data regarding the prevalence and risk factors for PTSD post-lung transplant are limited.
The prevalence of PTSD post lung transplantation has been reported to be 12.6% to 15.8%. In lung transplant recipients with clinically significant PTSD symptomatology; the presence of symptoms of re-experiencing (29.5%) and arousal (33.8%) were more common than avoidant symptoms (18.4%) [Gries et al. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013; 32[5]: 525-532]. In another study by Dew et al, in 178 lung transplant recipients, all PTSD occurred in the early months posttransplant with a median duration of symptoms of 12 months (IQR 7.2 to 18.5 months) [Dew et al. Gen. Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34:127-138]. A higher burden of PTSD is noted in patients who are younger, have a lo
The challenges that remain include determining the true prevalence of PTSD in the lung transplant recipient in the LAS era using standard diagnostic criteria, documenting the adverse effects of PTSD on medical compliance, morbidity, and mortality; and developing interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of PTSD through well-designed multicenter prospective studies.
Vivek Ahya, MD
Steering Committee Member
Caregiver Burden in the ICU and Beyond
Family members of patients in the ICU who transition to the role of caregivers following discharge are at high risk for psychosocial distress. Post-intensive care syndrome-family (PICS-F) describes the symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, and anxiety commonly found in this population (Davidson et al. Crit Care Med. 2012;4(2):618-624). Women are more commonly called upon to adopt the role of caregiver for family members with chronic medical conditions or mental illnesses. Worldwide estimates indicate that 57% to 81% of all caregivers are women (Sharma et al. World J Psych. 2016;6[2]:7-17).
Family burden begins during the acute phase of critical illness. As surrogate decision-makers, they frequently face decisional conflict and decisional regret, especially in scenarios that limit life-sustaining therapies (Long et al. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22:613-620). The prevalence of PICS-F is high as family members attempt to balance their role in the ICU with personal obligations (Choi et al. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2016;[46]2:159-167). Those who perceive that they are not receiving complete information from the medical team, and who do not find their physician comforting, have been shown to suffer a greater symptom burden (Davidson et al).
With the growing older adult population, and increased ICU survival, family members are often called upon to serve as caretakers to the chronically critically ill (Choi et al.). These caregivers have more depressive symptoms, worse health outcomes, and significant professional and personal lifestyle disruptions (Cameron, et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;[374]19:1831-1841). In many caregivers, depressive symptoms persist at 1 year after ICU admission, with rates comparable to caretakers of patients with dementia (Haines et al. Crit Care Med. 2015;(43)5:1112-1120). Caregivers who are younger, female, minorities, and those with pre-existing depression are at especially high risk for worse mental health outcomes (Davidson et al; Cameron et al).
Caregivers of ICU survivors are vulnerable and undersupported. Interventions such as ICU diaries, telephone-based mindfulness exercises, and stress management strategies have shown promise in alleviating PICS-F symptoms (Choi et al.). During the acute ICU stay, how medical providers communicate, and how we help family members make sense of what has happened and their new roles as caregivers have an impact (Davidson et al.). From an individual in a study of psychosocial morbidity in caregivers of ICU survivors: “Leaving the hospital is not the end for some people. The next place is just as hard, sometimes worse” (Haines et al. Further studies are needed to identify interventions that will truly address this population’s unique needs.
Margaret Pisani, MD, FCCP
Steering Committee Member
Nicole Bournival, MD
Fellow-in-Training Member