Abubakar Tauseef, MDa; Maryam Zafar, MBBSb; Peter Silberstein, MDa; Joseph Nahas, MDa; Thomas Frederickson, MDc; Sean Hansen, MDa; Anum Abbas, MDd; Yaman Alali, MDa; Avdesh Buragadda, MDa; Omar K. Abughanimeh, MDd; Sunil Nair, MDa; Joseph Thirumalareddy, MDa; and Mohsin Mirza, MBBSa Correspondence: Abubakar Tauseef (abubakartauseef@creighton.edu)
aCreighton University, Omaha, Nebraska bDow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan cCHI Health, Omaha, Nebraska dUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
Author disclosures
The authors report no actual or potential conflicts of interest or outside sources of funding with regard to this article.
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Federal Practitioner, Frontline Medical Communications Inc., the US Government, or any of its agencies.
Ethics and consent
This is a meta-analysis including already published clinical trials.
With the latest advancements in the management of advanced NSCLC, nivolumab, a programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor, was developed and either used as monotherapy in patients with PD-L1 expression or was combined with platinum-based chemotherapy regardless of PD-L1 expression.16,17 Patients expressing lower PD-L1 levels were not omitted from receiving nivolumab as no significant difference was noted in progression-free span and overall survival in patients receiving nivolumab irrespective of PD-L1 levels.15 Rash developed in 17% of patients after receiving nivolumab vs 45.8% patients being observed in our study. A similar trend was observed with diarrhea as only 17% of the population receiving nivolumab developed diarrhea compared with 33.6% of the population receiving mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors in our study. Likewise, only 9.9% of the patients receiving nivolumab developed nausea as an AE compared with 16.5% being observed in mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors in our study. Also, fatigue was observed in 14.4% of the population receiving nivolumab vs 17% observed in patients receiving mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors as was noticed in our study.7,8
Rizvi and colleagues conducted a study on the role of nivolumab when combined with platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC and reported that 40% of patients included in the study developed rash compared with 45.8% reported in mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors in our study. Similarly, only 13% of patients in the nivolumab group developed diarrhea vs 33.6% cases reported in the mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors group included in our study. Also, 7% of patients in the nivolumab group developed elevated ALT levels vs 27.9% of patients receiving mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors included in our study, concluding that addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors like nivolumab to platinum-based chemotherapy does not increase the frequency of AEs.18
Conclusions
Our study focused on the safety profile of mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors vs platinum-based chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors are safer than platinum-based chemotherapy when compared for nausea, leucopenia, fatigue, neutropenia, anorexia, anemia, cough, vomiting, and fever. On the other end, mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors cause slightly higher AEs, including rash, diarrhea, elevated AST and ALT levels, and stomatitis. However, considering that the development of mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors laid a foundation of targeted therapy, we recommend continuing using mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors in patients with advanced NSCLC especially in patients having mutant EGFR receptors. AEs caused by mutant EGFR-TK inhibitors are significant but are usually tolerable and can be avoided by reducing the dosage of it with each cycle or by skipping or delaying the dose until the patient is symptomatic.
