A 7-year-old boy presents for evaluation of throbbing bifrontal headaches accompanied by abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea. According to the patient's mother, the patient's headaches begin in the early morning and often awaken him from sleep. During his most recent episode, the patient complained of pain radiating to his neck. He also states that light hurts his eyes during these episodes. The patient's headaches began approximately 6 months earlier and occur two to three times per month. He normally falls asleep within an hour after headache onset and wakes up 2-3 hours later with no headache, although on occasion, the patient's headache has persisted for at least 48 hours. The patient's birth and development history are normal, and his medical history is unremarkable with the exception of motion sickness. Vital signs, physical examination, and neurologic examination are normal.