Original Research

Can a Total Knee Arthroplasty Perioperative Surgical Home Close the Gap Between Primary and Revision TKA Outcomes?

Am J Orthop. 2016 November;45(7):E458-E464

Given the steady increase in the number of primary and revision total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) performed in the United States, we wanted to determine if an evidence-based TKA perioperative surgical home could close the perioperative morbidity gap between primary and revision TKAs. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional cohort study comparing outcomes of patients who had primary TKA (n = 235) with outcomes of patients who had revision TKA (n = 50). We measured several perioperative outcomes: length of stay, discharge disposition, 30-day readmission rate, and 30-day reoperation rate. Mean length of stay was 2.55 days for primary TKA and 2.92 days for revision TKA (P = .061). Eighty (34%) of the 235 primary TKA patients and 21 (41%) of the 51 revision TKA patients were discharged to a subacute nursing facility (P = .123). One primary TKA patient (0.4%) and 2 revision TKA patients (4%) were readmitted within 30 days after surgery (P = .081). None of the primary TKAs and 2 (4%) of the revision TKAs underwent reoperation (P = .993). There was no difference in perioperative outcomes between the primary and revision TKA groups in our Total Joint Replacement Perioperative Surgical Home (TJR-PSH) cohort. Advances in multidisciplinary co-management of TKA patients are highlighted in the TJR-PSH. The similarity in primary and revision TKA outcomes has significant implications regarding costs and potential increased patient satisfaction.

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References

1. Berger RA, Rosenberg AG, Barden RM, Sheinkop MB, Jacobs JJ, Galante JO. Long-term followup of the Miller-Galante total knee replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(388):58-67.

2. Rissanen P, Aro S, Slatis P, Sintonen H, Paavolainen P. Health and quality of life before and after hip or knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10(2):169-175.

3. March LM, Cross MJ, Lapsley H, et al. Outcomes after hip or knee replacement surgery for osteoarthritis. A prospective cohort study comparing patients’ quality of life before and after surgery with age-related population norms. Med J Aust. 1999;171(5):235-238.

4. Quintana JM, Arostegui I, Escobar A, Azkarate J, Goenaga JI, Lafuente I. Prevalence of knee and hip osteoarthritis and the appropriateness of joint replacement in an older population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(14):1576-1584.

5. Jones CA, Voaklander DC, Johnston DW, Suarez-Almazor ME. Health related quality of life outcomes after total hip and knee arthroplasties in a community based population. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(7):1745-1752.

6. Ethgen O, Bruyere O, Richy F, Dardennes C, Reginster JY. Health-related quality of life in total hip and total knee arthroplasty. A qualitative and systematic review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(5):963-974.

7. Mulhall KJ, Ghomrawi HM, Scully S, Callaghan JJ, Saleh KJ. Current etiologies and modes of failure in total knee arthroplasty revision. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;(446):45-50.

8. Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Shastri S, Jacoby SM. Insall Award paper. Why are total knee arthroplasties failing today? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;(404):7-13.

9. Kurtz S, Mowat F, Ong K, Chan N, Lau E, Halpern M. Prevalence of primary and revision total hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 1990 through 2002. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(7):1487-1497.

10. Kurtz SM, Ong KL, Schmier J, Zhao K, Mowat F, Lau E. Primary and revision arthroplasty surgery caseloads in the United States from 1990 to 2004. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(2):195-203.

11 Maloney WJ. National joint replacement registries: has the time come? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(10):1582-1585.

12. Dy CJ, Marx RG, Bozic KJ, Pan TJ, Padgett DE, Lyman S. Risk factors for revision within 10 years of total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(4):1198-1207.

13. Dalury DF, Pomeroy DL, Gorab RS, Adams MJ. Why are total knee arthroplasties being revised? J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(8 suppl):120-121.

14. Garson L, Schwarzkopf R, Vakharia S, et al. Implementation of a total joint replacement-focused perioperative surgical home: a management case report. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(5):1081-1089.

15. Chaurasia A, Garson L, Kain ZL, Schwarzkopf R. Outcomes of a joint replacement surgical home model clinical pathway. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:296302.

16. Kain ZN, Vakharia S, Garson L, et al. The perioperative surgical home as a future perioperative practice model. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(5):1126-1130.

17. Memtsoudis SG, González Della Valle A, Besculides MC, Gaber L, Sculco TP. In-hospital complications and mortality of unilateral, bilateral, and revision TKA: based on an estimate of 4,159,661 discharges. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(11):2617-2627.

18. Pugely AJ, Callaghan JJ, Martin CT, Cram P, Gao Y. Incidence of and risk factors for 30-day readmission following elective primary total joint arthroplasty: analysis from the ACS-NSQIP. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(9):1499-1504.

19. Harris DY, McAngus JK, Kuo YF, Lindsey RW. Correlations between a dedicated orthopaedic complications grading system and early adverse outcomes in joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(4):1524-1531.

20. Ong KL, Lau E, Suggs J, Kurtz SM, Manley MT. Risk of subsequent revision after primary and revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(11):3070-3076.

21. Bozic KJ, Katz P, Cisternas M, Ono L, Ries MD, Showstack J. Hospital resource utilization for primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(3):570-576.

22. Singh JA, Kwoh CK, Richardson D, Chen W, Ibrahim SA. Sex and surgical outcomes and mortality after primary total knee arthroplasty: a risk-adjusted analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(7):1095-1102.

23. Schairer WW, Vail TP, Bozic KJ. What are the rates and causes of hospital readmission after total knee arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(1):181-187.

24. Bosco JA 3rd, Karkenny AJ, Hutzler LH, Slover JD, Iorio R Cost burden of 30-day readmissions following Medicare total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(5):903-905.

25. Zmistowski B, Restrepo C, Kahl LK, Parvizi J, Sharkey PF. Incidence and reasons for nonrevision reoperation after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011;469(1):138-145.26. Bottle A, Aylin P, Loeffler M. Return to theatre for elective hip and knee replacements: what is the relative importance of patient factors, surgeon and hospital? Bone Joint J Br. 2014;96(12):1663-1668.

27. Maradit Kremers H, Visscher SL, Moriarty JP, et al. Determinants of direct medical costs in primary and revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(1):206-214.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an efficacious procedure for end-stage knee arthritis. Although TKA is cost-effective and has a high rate of success,^1-6 TKAs fail and may require revision surgery. Failure mechanisms include periprosthetic fracture, aseptic loosening, wear, osteolysis, instability, and infection.^7-9 In these cases, revision arthroplasty may be needed in order to restore function.

There has been a steady increase in the number of primary and revision TKAs performed in the United States.^8,10,11 Revision rates are 4% at 5 years after index TKA and 8.9% at 9 years.¹² However, surgical techniques and improved implants have led to improved outcomes after primary TKA, as evidenced by the reduction in revisions performed for polyethylene wear and osteolysis.¹³ Given the continuing need for revision TKAs (despite technical improvements¹³), evidence-based standard protocols that improve outcomes after revision TKA are necessary.

The Total Joint Replacement Perioperative Surgical Home (TJR-PSH) implemented and used by surgeons and anesthesiologists at our institution has shown that an evidence-based perioperative protocol can provide consistent and improved outcomes in primary TKA.^14-16

TJR-PSH is a clinical care pathway that defines and standardizes preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative, and postdischarge management for patients who undergo elective primary total knee and total hip arthroplasty.^14,15

The clinical pathway developed by the TJR-PSH team is briefly described in Appendixes A and B.

Garson and colleagues¹⁴ and Chaurasia and colleagues¹⁵ found that patients who underwent primary TKA in a TJA-PSH had a predicted short length of stay (LOS): <3 days. About half were discharged to a location other than home, and 1.1% were readmitted within the first 30 days after surgery. There were no major complications and no mortalities. Conversely, as shown in different nationwide database analysis,^17,18 mean LOS after primary unilateral TKA was 5.3 days, 8.2% of patients had procedure-related complications, 30-day readmission rate was 4.2%, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 0.3%. As with TJA-PSH, about half the patients were discharged to a place other than home.

We conducted a study to test the effect of the TJA-PSH clinical pathway on revision TKA patients. Early perioperative outcomes, such as LOS, readmission rate, and reoperation rate, are invaluable tools in measuring TKA outcomes and correlate with the dedicated orthopedic complication grading system proposed by the Knee Society.^14,15,17,19 We hypothesized that the TJR-PSH clinical pathway would close the perioperative morbidity gap between primary and revision TKAs and yield equivalent perioperative outcomes.

Materials and Methods

In this study, which received Institutional Review Board approval, we performed a prospective cross-sectional analysis comparing the perioperative outcomes of patients who underwent primary TKA with those of patients who underwent revision TKA. Medical records and our institution’s data registry were queried for LOS, discharge disposition, readmission rates, and reoperation rates.

The study included all primary and revision TKAs performed at our institution since the inception of TJA-PSH. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasties and exchanges of a single component (patella, tibia, or femur) were excluded. We identified a total of 285 consecutive primary or revision TKAs, all performed by a single surgeon. Three cases lacked complete data and were excluded, leaving 282 cases: 235 primary and 50 revision TKAs (no simultaneous bilateral TKAs). The demographic data we collected included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, calculated Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), LOS, and discharge disposition.

The same established perioperative surgical home clinical pathway was used to care for all patients, whether they underwent primary or revision TKA. The primary outcomes studied were LOS, discharge disposition (subacute nursing facility or home), 30-day orthopedic readmission, and return to operating room. All reoperations on the same knee were analyzed.

Statistical Analysis

Primary and revision TKAs were compared on LOS (with an independent-sample t test) and discharge disposition, 30-day readmissions, and reoperations (χ² Fisher exact test). Multivariate regression analysis was performed with each primary outcome, using age, sex, BMI, ASA score, and CCI as covariates. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. All analyses were performed with SPSS Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc.) and Microsoft Excel 2011 (Microsoft).

Results

Mean (SD) age was 66 (13.2) years for primary TKA patients and 62 (12.8) years for revision TKA patients. The cohort had more women (62.5%) than men (37.5%). There was no statistical difference in patient demographics with respect to age (P = .169) or BMI (P = .701) between the 2 groups. There was an even age distribution within each group and between the groups (Table).

There was no statistically significant difference in mean ASA score between the groups (P = .914).

References

1. Berger RA, Rosenberg AG, Barden RM, Sheinkop MB, Jacobs JJ, Galante JO. Long-term followup of the Miller-Galante total knee replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(388):58-67.

2. Rissanen P, Aro S, Slatis P, Sintonen H, Paavolainen P. Health and quality of life before and after hip or knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10(2):169-175.

3. March LM, Cross MJ, Lapsley H, et al. Outcomes after hip or knee replacement surgery for osteoarthritis. A prospective cohort study comparing patients’ quality of life before and after surgery with age-related population norms. Med J Aust. 1999;171(5):235-238.

4. Quintana JM, Arostegui I, Escobar A, Azkarate J, Goenaga JI, Lafuente I. Prevalence of knee and hip osteoarthritis and the appropriateness of joint replacement in an older population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(14):1576-1584.

5. Jones CA, Voaklander DC, Johnston DW, Suarez-Almazor ME. Health related quality of life outcomes after total hip and knee arthroplasties in a community based population. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(7):1745-1752.

6. Ethgen O, Bruyere O, Richy F, Dardennes C, Reginster JY. Health-related quality of life in total hip and total knee arthroplasty. A qualitative and systematic review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(5):963-974.

7. Mulhall KJ, Ghomrawi HM, Scully S, Callaghan JJ, Saleh KJ. Current etiologies and modes of failure in total knee arthroplasty revision. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;(446):45-50.

8. Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Shastri S, Jacoby SM. Insall Award paper. Why are total knee arthroplasties failing today? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;(404):7-13.

9. Kurtz S, Mowat F, Ong K, Chan N, Lau E, Halpern M. Prevalence of primary and revision total hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 1990 through 2002. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(7):1487-1497.

10. Kurtz SM, Ong KL, Schmier J, Zhao K, Mowat F, Lau E. Primary and revision arthroplasty surgery caseloads in the United States from 1990 to 2004. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(2):195-203.

11 Maloney WJ. National joint replacement registries: has the time come? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(10):1582-1585.

12. Dy CJ, Marx RG, Bozic KJ, Pan TJ, Padgett DE, Lyman S. Risk factors for revision within 10 years of total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(4):1198-1207.

13. Dalury DF, Pomeroy DL, Gorab RS, Adams MJ. Why are total knee arthroplasties being revised? J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(8 suppl):120-121.

14. Garson L, Schwarzkopf R, Vakharia S, et al. Implementation of a total joint replacement-focused perioperative surgical home: a management case report. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(5):1081-1089.

15. Chaurasia A, Garson L, Kain ZL, Schwarzkopf R. Outcomes of a joint replacement surgical home model clinical pathway. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:296302.

16. Kain ZN, Vakharia S, Garson L, et al. The perioperative surgical home as a future perioperative practice model. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(5):1126-1130.

17. Memtsoudis SG, González Della Valle A, Besculides MC, Gaber L, Sculco TP. In-hospital complications and mortality of unilateral, bilateral, and revision TKA: based on an estimate of 4,159,661 discharges. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(11):2617-2627.

18. Pugely AJ, Callaghan JJ, Martin CT, Cram P, Gao Y. Incidence of and risk factors for 30-day readmission following elective primary total joint arthroplasty: analysis from the ACS-NSQIP. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(9):1499-1504.

19. Harris DY, McAngus JK, Kuo YF, Lindsey RW. Correlations between a dedicated orthopaedic complications grading system and early adverse outcomes in joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(4):1524-1531.

20. Ong KL, Lau E, Suggs J, Kurtz SM, Manley MT. Risk of subsequent revision after primary and revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(11):3070-3076.

21. Bozic KJ, Katz P, Cisternas M, Ono L, Ries MD, Showstack J. Hospital resource utilization for primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(3):570-576.

22. Singh JA, Kwoh CK, Richardson D, Chen W, Ibrahim SA. Sex and surgical outcomes and mortality after primary total knee arthroplasty: a risk-adjusted analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(7):1095-1102.

23. Schairer WW, Vail TP, Bozic KJ. What are the rates and causes of hospital readmission after total knee arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(1):181-187.

24. Bosco JA 3rd, Karkenny AJ, Hutzler LH, Slover JD, Iorio R Cost burden of 30-day readmissions following Medicare total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(5):903-905.

25. Zmistowski B, Restrepo C, Kahl LK, Parvizi J, Sharkey PF. Incidence and reasons for nonrevision reoperation after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011;469(1):138-145.26. Bottle A, Aylin P, Loeffler M. Return to theatre for elective hip and knee replacements: what is the relative importance of patient factors, surgeon and hospital? Bone Joint J Br. 2014;96(12):1663-1668.

27. Maradit Kremers H, Visscher SL, Moriarty JP, et al. Determinants of direct medical costs in primary and revision total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(1):206-214.

Comparing Cost, Efficacy, and Safety of Intravenous and Topical Tranexamic Acid in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Can a Total Knee Arthroplasty Perioperative Surgical Home Close the Gap Between Primary and Revision TKA Outcomes?

References

Materials and Methods

Statistical Analysis

Results

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