Article

Nutrition-Related Considerations in Soccer: A Review

Publish date: December 3, 2018

References

Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. J Sports Sci. 2003;21:519-528.
Krustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, Bencke J, Kjaer M, Bangsbo J. Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38:1165-1174.
Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Atkinson G, Tordoff P, Drust B. Analysis of high intensity activity in Premier League soccer. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30:205-212.
Di Salvo V, Baron R, Tschan H, Calderon Montero FJ, Bachl N, Pigozzi F. Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28:222-227.
Reilly T, Thomas V. Estimated daily energy expenditures of professional association footballers. Ergonomics. 1979;22:541-548.
Osgnach C, Poser S, Bernardini R, Rinaldo R, di Prampero P.E. Energy cost and metabolic power in elite soccer: A new match analysis approach. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:170-178.
Anderson L, Orme P, Naughton RJ, Close, GL, Milsom J, Rydings D, et al. Energy intake and expenditure of professional soccer players of the English Premier League: evidence of carbohydrate periodization. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017;1-25.
Mara JK, Thompson KG, Pumpa KL. Assessing the energy expenditure of elite female soccer layers: a preliminary study. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;2780-2786.
Bartlett JD, Hawley JA, Morton JP. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(1):1, 3-12.
Anderson L, Orme P, Di Michele R, Close GL, Morgans R, Drust B, Morton JP. Quantification of training load during one-, two- and three-game week schedules in professional soccer players from the English Premier League: implications for carbohydrate periodisation. J Sports Sci. 2016;34;1250-1259.
Hawley JA, Morton JP. Ramping up the signal: promoting endurance training adaptation in skeletal muscle by nutritional manipulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;41:608-613.
Saltin B. Metabolic fundamentals in exercise. 1973;:137-146.
Balsom PD, Wood K, Olsson P, Ekblom B. Carbohydrate intake and multiple sprint sports: With special reference to football (soccer). Int J Sports Med. 1999;20:48-52.
Neufer PD, Costill DL, Flynn MG, Kirwan JP, Mitchell JB, Houmard J. Improvements in exercise performance: Effects of carbohydrate feedings and diet. J Appl Physiol. 1987;62:983-988.
Sherman WM, Brodowicz G, Wright DA, Allen WK, Simonsen J, Dernbach A. Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21:598-604.
Baker LB, Rollo I, Stein KW, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of carbohydrate supplementation on intermittent sports performance. Nutrients. 2015;7:5733-5763.
Goedecke JH, White NJ, Chicktay W, Mahomed H, Durandt J, Lambert MI. The effect of carbohydrate ingestion on performance during a simulated soccer match. Nutrients. 2013;5:5193-5204.
Nicholas CW, Williams C, Lakomy HK, Phillips G, Nowitz A. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. J Sports Sci. 1995;13:283-290.
Burke LM, van Loon LJC, Hawley JA. Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2016;122:1055-1067.
Rodriquez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(3):509-527.
Romagnoli M, Sanchis-Gomar F, Alis R, Risso-Ballester J, Bosio A, Graziani RL, Rampinini E. Changes in muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue-related parameters in young elite soccer players after a match. J. Sports Med Phys Fit. 2016;56:1198-1205.
Res PT, Groen B, Pennings B, Beelen M, Wallis GA, Gijsen AP, et al.Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1560-1569.
Snijders T, Res PT, Smeets JSJ, Van Vliet S, Van Kranenburg J, Maase K, et al.Protein ingestion before sleep increases muscle mass and strength gains during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy young men. J Nutr. 2015;145:1178-1184.
Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids and athletics. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007;6230-236.
Peoples GE, McLennan PL, Howe P, Groeller H. Fish oil reduces apparent myocardial oxygen consumption in trained cyclists but does not change time to fatigue. Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness; May 25-29, 2000; Ancient Olympia, Greece.
Burke LM, Collier GR, Beasley S.K, Davis PG, Fricker PA, Heeley P, et al. Effect of coingestion of fat and protein with carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen storage. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78:2187-2192.
Roy BD, Tarnopolsky MA. Influence of differing macronutrient intakes on muscle glycogen resynthesis after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1998;84:890-896.
Reinke S, Taylor W.R, Duda GN, von Haehling S, Reinke P, Volk H-D et al. Absolute and functional iron deficiency in professional athletes during training and recovery. Int J Cardiol. 2012;156:186-191.
Escanero JF, Villanueva J, Rojo A, Herrera A, del Diego C, Guerra M. Iron stores in professional athletes throughout the sports season. Physiol Behav. 1997;62:811-814.
Heisterberg MF, Fahrenkrug J, Krustrup P, Storskov A, Kjær, M, Andersen JL. Extensive monitoring
Landahl G, Adolfsson P, Borjesson M, Mannheimer C, Rodjer S. Iron deficiency and anemia: a common problem in female elite soccer players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005;15(6):689-694.
Sinha A, Hollingsworth K, Ball S, Cheetham T. Improving the vitamin D status of vitamin D deficient adults is associated with improved mitochondrial oxidative function in skeletal muscle. Endocrine Abstracts, 2013;31.OC1.6
Shuler FD, Wingate MK, Moore GH, Giangarra C. Sports health benefits of vitamin D. Sports Health. 2012;4:496-501.
Hamilton B, Whiteley R, Farooq A, Chalabi H. Vitamin D concentration in 342 professional football players and association with lower limb isokinetic function. J Sci. Med Sport. 2014;17:139-143.
Ksiażek A, Zagrodna A, Dziubek W, Pietraszewski B, Ochmann B, Słowińska-Lisowska M,25(OH)D3 levels relative to muscle strength and maximum oxygen uptake in athletes. J Hum Kinet. 2016;50:71-77.
Kopeć A, Solarz K, Majda F, Słowińska-Lisowska M, Medraś M. An evaluation of the levels of vitamin D and bone turnover markers after the summer and winter periods in Polish professional soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2013;38:135-140.
Vander Slagmolen G, van Hellemondt FJ, Wielders JPM. Do professional soccer players have a vitamin D status supporting optimal performance in winter time? J Sports Med Doping Stud. 2014,4:2.
Morton JP, Iqbal Z, Drust B, Burgess D, Close GL, Brukner PD. Seasonal variation in vitamin D status in professional soccer players of the English Premier League. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:798-802.
Lozano-Berges G, Matute-Llorente A, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Gomez-Bruton A, Gomez-Cabelloa A, Vincente-Rodriguez G, Casajus JA. Soccer helps build strong bones during growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2018;177(3):295-310.
Burke LM. Fluid balance during team sports. J Sports Sci. 1997;15:287-295.
Maughan RJ, Merson SJ, Broad NP, Shirreffs SM. Fluid and electrolyte intake and loss in elite soccer players during training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004;14:333-346.
Brendon P, McDermott, P, Anderson SA, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Cheuvront SN, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for the Physically Active. J Athl Train. 2017;52(9):877-895.
Shirreffs SM, Aragon-Vargas LF, Chamorro M, Maughan RJ, Serratosa L, Zachwieja JJ. The sweating response of elite professional soccer players to training in the heat. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26: 90-95.
Maughan RJ, Watson P, Evans GH, Broad N, Shirreffs SM. Water balance and salt losses in competitive football. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007;17:583-594.
Aragón-Vargas LF, Moncada-Jiménez J, Hernández-Elizondo J, Barrenechea A,Monge-Alvarado M. Evaluation of pre-game hydration status, heat stress, and fluid balance during professional soccer competition in the heat. Eur J Sport Sci. 2009;9:269-276.
Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Merson SJ, Horswill CA. Fluid and electrolyte balance in elite male football (soccer) players training in a cool environment. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:73-79.
Duffield R, McCall A, Coutts AJ, Peiffer JJ. Hydration, sweat and thermoregulatory responses to professional football training in the heat. J Sports Sci. 2012;30:957-965.
Shirreffs SM, Aragon-Vargas LF, Chamorro M, Maughan RJ, Serratosa L, Zachwieja JJ. The sweating response of elite professional soccer players to training in the heat. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26:90-95.
Edwards AM, Mann ME, Marfell-Jones MJ, Rankin DM, Noakes TD, Shillington DP. Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: Physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:385-391.
McGregor SJ, Nicholas CW, Lakomy HK, Williams C. The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. J Sports Sci. 1999;17:895-903.
Maughan RJ, Merson SJ, Broad NP, Shirreffs SM. Fluid and electrolyte intake and loss in elite soccer players during training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004;14:333-346.
Shirreffs SM, Sawka MN, Stone M. Water and electrolyte needs for football training and match-play. J Sports Sci. 2006;24:699-707.

Landahl and colleagues³¹ found that iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are common in female soccer players at the elite level. In their study of 28 female national soccer players, 57% had iron deficiency and 29% presented with iron deficiency anemia 6 months before the FIFA Women's World Cup. Testing hemoglobin alone is insufficient to detect relative anemia. Regular monitoring of hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations may be necessary to determine appropriate iron needs.

VITAMIN D

Vitamin D is required for optimal bone health, as it helps regulate calcium and phosphorus. Further research shows a link between vitamin D and non–bone-related functions, such as muscle health, immune support, and anti-inflammatory roles, which may be linked to performance. Soccer players with low levels of vitamin D (<30 ng/mL) may be more at risk for musculoskeletal injuries and stress fractures.³⁴ In other sports, vitamin D may enhance muscle strength; however, no association between vitamin D and muscle strength has been found in soccer players.^34,35 The geographic location of an athlete seems to be irrelevant to serum levels, as insufficient levels can be found at various latitudes.^34,36-38

Evidence has shown that vitamin D may improve athletic performance in vitamin D-depleted athletes, thereby improving vertical jumps, lowering risks of muscle injury/strains and stress fractures, and reducing risk of colds/flu. In 2013, researchers showed for the first time a link between vitamin D and muscle aerobic metabolism by studying the energy efficiency of the mitochondria.³² Athletes with low vitamin D levels increased their ATP production within the muscle with vitamin D supplementation over 10 weeks to 12 weeks.³³

CALCIUM

Soccer players present with stronger and denser bones than non-athletes due to running and jumping in their sport. Weight-bearing sites such as lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanteric region, and both legs are sensitive to the impact of soccer movements.³⁹ Calcium and vitamin D are also important for muscle contraction.

Given the variation in genetics, sports, and gender, optimal performance requires a healthy eating plan tailored to the individual athlete. A healthy eating plan allows an athlete to train longer and harder, delay the onset of fatigue, and speed recovery. Nutrition supports optimal performance through real food, proper hydration, nutrient timing, and supplementation.

Continue to: FLUID REQUIREMENTS FOR SOCCER PLAYERS

References

Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. J Sports Sci. 2003;21:519-528.
Krustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, Bencke J, Kjaer M, Bangsbo J. Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38:1165-1174.
Di Salvo V, Gregson W, Atkinson G, Tordoff P, Drust B. Analysis of high intensity activity in Premier League soccer. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30:205-212.
Di Salvo V, Baron R, Tschan H, Calderon Montero FJ, Bachl N, Pigozzi F. Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28:222-227.
Reilly T, Thomas V. Estimated daily energy expenditures of professional association footballers. Ergonomics. 1979;22:541-548.
Osgnach C, Poser S, Bernardini R, Rinaldo R, di Prampero P.E. Energy cost and metabolic power in elite soccer: A new match analysis approach. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:170-178.
Anderson L, Orme P, Naughton RJ, Close, GL, Milsom J, Rydings D, et al. Energy intake and expenditure of professional soccer players of the English Premier League: evidence of carbohydrate periodization. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017;1-25.
Mara JK, Thompson KG, Pumpa KL. Assessing the energy expenditure of elite female soccer layers: a preliminary study. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;2780-2786.
Bartlett JD, Hawley JA, Morton JP. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(1):1, 3-12.
Anderson L, Orme P, Di Michele R, Close GL, Morgans R, Drust B, Morton JP. Quantification of training load during one-, two- and three-game week schedules in professional soccer players from the English Premier League: implications for carbohydrate periodisation. J Sports Sci. 2016;34;1250-1259.
Hawley JA, Morton JP. Ramping up the signal: promoting endurance training adaptation in skeletal muscle by nutritional manipulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;41:608-613.
Saltin B. Metabolic fundamentals in exercise. 1973;:137-146.
Balsom PD, Wood K, Olsson P, Ekblom B. Carbohydrate intake and multiple sprint sports: With special reference to football (soccer). Int J Sports Med. 1999;20:48-52.
Neufer PD, Costill DL, Flynn MG, Kirwan JP, Mitchell JB, Houmard J. Improvements in exercise performance: Effects of carbohydrate feedings and diet. J Appl Physiol. 1987;62:983-988.
Sherman WM, Brodowicz G, Wright DA, Allen WK, Simonsen J, Dernbach A. Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21:598-604.
Baker LB, Rollo I, Stein KW, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of carbohydrate supplementation on intermittent sports performance. Nutrients. 2015;7:5733-5763.
Goedecke JH, White NJ, Chicktay W, Mahomed H, Durandt J, Lambert MI. The effect of carbohydrate ingestion on performance during a simulated soccer match. Nutrients. 2013;5:5193-5204.
Nicholas CW, Williams C, Lakomy HK, Phillips G, Nowitz A. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. J Sports Sci. 1995;13:283-290.
Burke LM, van Loon LJC, Hawley JA. Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2016;122:1055-1067.
Rodriquez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(3):509-527.
Romagnoli M, Sanchis-Gomar F, Alis R, Risso-Ballester J, Bosio A, Graziani RL, Rampinini E. Changes in muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue-related parameters in young elite soccer players after a match. J. Sports Med Phys Fit. 2016;56:1198-1205.
Res PT, Groen B, Pennings B, Beelen M, Wallis GA, Gijsen AP, et al.Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1560-1569.
Snijders T, Res PT, Smeets JSJ, Van Vliet S, Van Kranenburg J, Maase K, et al.Protein ingestion before sleep increases muscle mass and strength gains during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy young men. J Nutr. 2015;145:1178-1184.
Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids and athletics. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007;6230-236.
Peoples GE, McLennan PL, Howe P, Groeller H. Fish oil reduces apparent myocardial oxygen consumption in trained cyclists but does not change time to fatigue. Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Nutrition and Fitness; May 25-29, 2000; Ancient Olympia, Greece.
Burke LM, Collier GR, Beasley S.K, Davis PG, Fricker PA, Heeley P, et al. Effect of coingestion of fat and protein with carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen storage. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78:2187-2192.
Roy BD, Tarnopolsky MA. Influence of differing macronutrient intakes on muscle glycogen resynthesis after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1998;84:890-896.
Reinke S, Taylor W.R, Duda GN, von Haehling S, Reinke P, Volk H-D et al. Absolute and functional iron deficiency in professional athletes during training and recovery. Int J Cardiol. 2012;156:186-191.
Escanero JF, Villanueva J, Rojo A, Herrera A, del Diego C, Guerra M. Iron stores in professional athletes throughout the sports season. Physiol Behav. 1997;62:811-814.
Heisterberg MF, Fahrenkrug J, Krustrup P, Storskov A, Kjær, M, Andersen JL. Extensive monitoring
Landahl G, Adolfsson P, Borjesson M, Mannheimer C, Rodjer S. Iron deficiency and anemia: a common problem in female elite soccer players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005;15(6):689-694.
Sinha A, Hollingsworth K, Ball S, Cheetham T. Improving the vitamin D status of vitamin D deficient adults is associated with improved mitochondrial oxidative function in skeletal muscle. Endocrine Abstracts, 2013;31.OC1.6
Shuler FD, Wingate MK, Moore GH, Giangarra C. Sports health benefits of vitamin D. Sports Health. 2012;4:496-501.
Hamilton B, Whiteley R, Farooq A, Chalabi H. Vitamin D concentration in 342 professional football players and association with lower limb isokinetic function. J Sci. Med Sport. 2014;17:139-143.
Ksiażek A, Zagrodna A, Dziubek W, Pietraszewski B, Ochmann B, Słowińska-Lisowska M,25(OH)D3 levels relative to muscle strength and maximum oxygen uptake in athletes. J Hum Kinet. 2016;50:71-77.
Kopeć A, Solarz K, Majda F, Słowińska-Lisowska M, Medraś M. An evaluation of the levels of vitamin D and bone turnover markers after the summer and winter periods in Polish professional soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2013;38:135-140.
Vander Slagmolen G, van Hellemondt FJ, Wielders JPM. Do professional soccer players have a vitamin D status supporting optimal performance in winter time? J Sports Med Doping Stud. 2014,4:2.
Morton JP, Iqbal Z, Drust B, Burgess D, Close GL, Brukner PD. Seasonal variation in vitamin D status in professional soccer players of the English Premier League. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:798-802.
Lozano-Berges G, Matute-Llorente A, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Gomez-Bruton A, Gomez-Cabelloa A, Vincente-Rodriguez G, Casajus JA. Soccer helps build strong bones during growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2018;177(3):295-310.
Burke LM. Fluid balance during team sports. J Sports Sci. 1997;15:287-295.
Maughan RJ, Merson SJ, Broad NP, Shirreffs SM. Fluid and electrolyte intake and loss in elite soccer players during training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004;14:333-346.
Brendon P, McDermott, P, Anderson SA, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Cheuvront SN, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for the Physically Active. J Athl Train. 2017;52(9):877-895.
Shirreffs SM, Aragon-Vargas LF, Chamorro M, Maughan RJ, Serratosa L, Zachwieja JJ. The sweating response of elite professional soccer players to training in the heat. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26: 90-95.
Maughan RJ, Watson P, Evans GH, Broad N, Shirreffs SM. Water balance and salt losses in competitive football. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007;17:583-594.
Aragón-Vargas LF, Moncada-Jiménez J, Hernández-Elizondo J, Barrenechea A,Monge-Alvarado M. Evaluation of pre-game hydration status, heat stress, and fluid balance during professional soccer competition in the heat. Eur J Sport Sci. 2009;9:269-276.
Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Merson SJ, Horswill CA. Fluid and electrolyte balance in elite male football (soccer) players training in a cool environment. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:73-79.
Duffield R, McCall A, Coutts AJ, Peiffer JJ. Hydration, sweat and thermoregulatory responses to professional football training in the heat. J Sports Sci. 2012;30:957-965.
Shirreffs SM, Aragon-Vargas LF, Chamorro M, Maughan RJ, Serratosa L, Zachwieja JJ. The sweating response of elite professional soccer players to training in the heat. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26:90-95.
Edwards AM, Mann ME, Marfell-Jones MJ, Rankin DM, Noakes TD, Shillington DP. Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: Physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:385-391.
McGregor SJ, Nicholas CW, Lakomy HK, Williams C. The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. J Sports Sci. 1999;17:895-903.
Maughan RJ, Merson SJ, Broad NP, Shirreffs SM. Fluid and electrolyte intake and loss in elite soccer players during training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004;14:333-346.
Shirreffs SM, Sawka MN, Stone M. Water and electrolyte needs for football training and match-play. J Sports Sci. 2006;24:699-707.

Lower Extremity Injuries in Ice Hockey: Current Concepts

Nutrition-Related Considerations in Soccer: A Review

References

VITAMIN D

CALCIUM

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