Guidelines

COVID-19: ASTCT provides interim guidelines for transplantation

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Dealing with COVID-19

There is emerging data regarding coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with other viruses including infleunza. Immunocompromised hosts, especially transplantation and cellular therapy (TCT) recipients, are known to frequently have more than one pathogen present, especially in pulmonary infections. As the community spread increases, it would be reasonable to obtain concomitant testing for respiratory viruses along with SARS-CoV-2 as recommended. In addition, viral infection can cause secondary bacterial and fungal infections (especially Aspergillus). In the presence of SARS-CoV-2, where it is recommended to avoid bronchoalveolar lavage, we have to keep a high clinical suspicion based on patients’ risk factors.

Dr. Zainab Shahid of University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill

Dr. Zainab Shahid

Based on the latest studies, remdesivir is looking like a promising therapeutic option to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection and is currently available in the United States under a clinical trial and by obtaining an emergency investigational new drug usage. Favipiravir, another antiviral, showed early viral clearance and radiographic improvement in mild cases of COVID-19, but is currently unavailable in the United States. Whereas lopinavir/ritonavir should no longer be first line agents based on the latest data published in The New England Journal of Medicine that showed its lack of efficacy.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) caused by an intense inflammatory response is the main cause of death in COVID-19. Early reports on the use of tocilizumab (an IL-6 receptor blocker) for ARDS to block cytokine mediated injury to the lung should be a consideration early in the course of COVID-19 pneumonitis, especially in setting of high risk for ARDS mortality.

We are considering other IL-6–blocking agents like siltuximab in case of a shortage of tocilizumab while centers scramble to get these agents. It is important to note that any such usages for COVID-19 would be considered off-label.

TCT candidates should of course be practicing social distancing in days leading to transplant to reduce their risk of exposure regardless of state or federal recommendations. Household members of TCT candidates should practice similar caution because transmission has been reported by asymptomatic individuals.

Zainab Shahid, MD, is the medical director of Bone Marrow Transplant Infectious Diseases at the Levine Cancer Institute/Atrium Health and a clinical associate professor of medicine at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She reported that she had no relevant disclosures.


 


In the updated ESBMT guidelines, this recommendation was made in reference to the greater spread of COVID-19: “It is therefore strongly recommended to have secured stem cell product access by freezing the product before start of conditioning and, in situations when this is not possible, to have an alternative donor as a backup. For low-risk patients, it is recommended to postpone the start of the transplant procedure if deemed to be safe to do so. This includes both allogeneic and autologous transplant procedures.”

In a recent webinar, Pavan Reddy, MD, of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and ASTCT President; Alpana Waghmare, MD, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Roy Chemaly, MD, of the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, and chair of the ASTCT Transplant Infectious Disease Special Interest Group, discussed the guidelines and provided some updated information.

Dr. Reddy stated that, at the University of Michigan, they were delaying all nonurgent transplants, largely for myeloma, and are postponing even allotransplants. “The transplants we are not delaying are the high-risk AMLs … and in cases where we truly cannot delay transplants because of patient condition or, in some cases, the donor situation.”

Dr. Chemaly and Dr. Waghmare both agreed that their centers were following a similar approach.

With regard to patient testing, all three institution have recently moved to testing everyone a few days before transplant regardless of symptoms.

They also pointed out that essentially all clinical trials were being put on hold during the crisis, except for those few where patients would be put in danger if the trial were interrupted.

The guidelines discuss in depth the rationale, toxicity, and dosages for use of select agents, including remdesivir, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, and tocilizumab. There was some concern expressed about shortages developing in these drugs, which serve a number of other patient communities, in particular the possibility of a tocilizumab shortage was of concern.

Steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins are not are not recommended, according to the guidelines, which also stated that adjunctive therapies such as antibiotics should be considered.

Dr. Chemaly, Dr. Reddy, and Dr. Waghmare did not provide disclosure in the webinar.

The ASTCT recommends following the World Health Organization and CDC COVID-19 pages for continued updates and information on other aspects of the pandemic.

This article was updated 3/26/20.

SOURCE: ASTCT Response to COVID-19. 2020. www.astct.org/connect/astct-response-to-covid-19.

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