Med/Psych Update

Hepatitis C among the mentally ill: Review and treatment update

Current Psychiatry. 2017 March;16(3):41-47

References

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis. http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis. Updated December 9, 2016. Accessed February 9, 2017.
2. Butterfield MI, Bosworth HB, Meador KG, et al. Five-Site Health and Risk Study Research Committee. Gender differences in hepatitis C infection and risks among persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2003;54(6):848-853.
3. Rifai MA, Gleason OC, Sabouni D. Psychiatric care of the patient with hepatitis C: a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12(6):PCC.09r00877. doi: 10.4088/PCC.09r00877whi.
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Depressive symptoms can present as early as 1 month after starting treatment, but typically occur at 8 to 12 weeks. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 observational studies found a cumulative 25% risk of interferon (IFN)-induced depression in the general HCV population.¹⁵ Risk factors for IFN-induced depression include:

female sex
history of major depression or other psychiatric disorder
low educational level
the presence of baseline subthreshold depressive symptoms.

Because of the risk of inducing depression, there was initial hesitation with providing IFN treatment to patients with psychiatric disorders. However, there is evidence that individuals with chronic psychiatric illness can be treated safely with IFN-based regimens and achieve results similar to non-psychiatric populations.^16,17 For example, patients with schizophrenia in a small Veterans Affairs database who received IFN for HCV did not experience higher rates of symptoms of schizophrenia, depression, or mania over 8 years of follow-up.¹⁸ Furthermore, those with schizophrenia were just as likely to reach SVR as patients without psychiatric illness.¹⁹ Other encouraging results have been reported in depressed patients. One study found similar rates of treatment completion and SVR in patients with a history of major depressive disorder compared with those without depression.²⁰ No difference in frequency of neuropsychiatric side effects was found between the groups.

Presence of a psychiatric disorder is no longer an absolute contraindication to IFN treatment for HCV. Optimal control of psychiatric symptoms should be attained in all patients before starting HCV treatment, and close clinical monitoring is warranted. A review of 9 studies showed benefit of antidepressants for HCV patients with elevated baseline depression or a history of IFN-induced depression.²¹ The largest body of evidence supports the safety and efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treating IFN-induced depression. Although no antidepressants are FDA-approved for this indication, the best-studied agents include citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, and paroxetine.

A review of 6 studies on using antidepressants to prevent IFN-induced depression concluded there was inadequate evidence to support this approach in all patients.²² Pretreatment primarily is indicated for those with elevated depressive symptoms at baseline or those with a history of IFN-induced depression. The prevailing approach to IFN-induced depression assessment, prevention, and treatment is summarized in Table 2.

CASE continued

Ms. S tests positive for the HCV antibody but negative for HIV and hepatitis B. She immediately receives the hepatitis B vaccine series. Her sister discourages her from receiving treatment for HCV, warning her, “it will make you crazy depressed.” As a result, Ms. S avoids following up with the hepatologist. Her psychiatrist, aware that she now was taking her psychotropic medication and seeing that her mood is stable, educates her about new treatment options for HCV that do not cause depression. Ms. S finally agrees to see a hepatologist to discuss her treatment options.

References

Confused with ataxia and urinary and fecal incontinence

Hepatitis C among the mentally ill: Review and treatment update

References

CASE continued

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