In 2018, Thorlacius et al38 created a multistakeholder consensus on a core outcome set of domains detailing what to measure in clinical trials for HS. The authors hoped that the routine adoption of these core domains would promote the collection of consistent and relevant information, bolster the strength of evidence synthesis, and minimize the risk for outcome reporting bias among studies.38 It is important to ascertain the patient’s description of his/her pain to distinguish between stimulus-dependent nociceptive pain vs spontaneous neuropathic pain.3,7,10 The most common pain descriptors used by patients are “shooting,” “itchy,” “blinding,” “cutting,” and “exhausting.”10 In addition to obtaining descriptive factors, it is important for the clinician to obtain information on the timing of the pain, whether or not the pain is relieved with spontaneous or surgical drainage, and if the patient is experiencing chronic background pain secondary to scarring or skin contraction.3 With the routine utilization of a consistent set of core domains, advances in our understanding of the different elements of HS pain, and increased provider awareness of the disease, the future of pain management in patients with HS seems promising.
Acute and Perioperative Pain Management
Acute Pain Management—The pain in HS can range from mild to excruciating.3,7 The difference between acute and chronic pain in this condition may be hard to delineate, as patients may have intense acute flares on top of a baseline level of chronic pain.3,7,14 These factors, in combination with various pain types of differing etiologies, make the treatment of HS-associated pain a therapeutic challenge.
The first-line treatments for acute pain in HS are oral acetaminophen, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and topical analgesics.3 These treatment modalities are especially helpful for nociceptive pain, which often is described as having an aching or tender quality.3 Topical treatment for acute pain episodes includes diclofenac gel and liposomal lidocaine cream.39 Topical lidocaine in particular has the benefit of being rapid acting, and its effect can last 1 to 2 hours. Ketamine has been anecdotally used as a topical treatment. Treatment options for neuropathic pain include topical amitriptyline, gabapentin, and pregabalin.39 Dressings and ice packs may be used in cases of mild acute pain, depending on patient preference.3
First-line therapies may not provide adequate pain control in many patients.3,40,41 Should the first-line treatments fail, oral opiates can be considered as a treatment option, especially if the patient has a history of recurrent pain unresponsive to milder methods of pain control.3,40,41 However, prudence should be exercised, as patients with HS have a higher risk for opioid abuse, and referral to a pain specialist is advisable.40 Generally, use of opioids should be limited to the smallest period of time possible.40,41 Codeine can be used as a first opioid option, with hydromorphone available as an alternative.41
Pain caused by inflamed abscesses and nodules can be treated with either intralesional corticosteroids or incision and drainage. Intralesional triamcinolone has been found to cause substantial pain relief within 1 day of injection in patients with HS.3,42