Aggravation of longstanding neurologic symptoms is not considered a relapse, as no new radiographic evidence of disease progression will be seen on MRI. Factors that may contribute to aggravation of established symptoms include an increase in core body temperature, sleep deprivation, and psychosocial stress.
When a patient with suspected or diagnosed RRMS presents with new neurologic symptoms of more than 24 hours’ duration, the first step is to conduct a physical exam to assess for objective evidence of neurologic deficits and signs of infection, including fever. The provider should also order select laboratory testing—including a complete blood cell count and urinalysis with culture—to exclude infection. In certain cases, contrast-enhanced MRI of the brain and/or spine may be ordered; however, this may delay treatment initiation if the study cannot be promptly scheduled.
Evaluation and management should involve communication, if not face-to-face consultation, with the patient’s neurology provider who is responsible for MS management.
IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT
Acute relapses are managed with anti-inflammatory agents. For some patients, treatment may provide symptomatic relief, shorten the recovery phase, and improve motor function. Long-term benefits have not been demonstrated, except in patients with optic neuritis.
Firstline therapy for MS relapse is high-dose corticosteroids, which can be administered at home, at an ambulatory infusion center, or (in some cases) in a hospital setting. The preferred regimen is methylprednisolone (1 g IV for 3-5 d), with or without prednisone taper. Another option is dexamethasone (80 mg bid for 3-5 d), with or without prednisone taper.1-3
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