Commonly reported gastrointestinal symptoms include diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain.9,15
Other symptoms reported less commonly include dermatologic conditions, such as pruritus and rash; reproductive and endocrine symptoms, including extreme thirst, irregular menstruation, and sexual dysfunction; and new or exacerbated allergic response.9
Does severity of initial disease play a role?
Keep in mind that long COVID is not specific to patients who were hospitalized or had severe initial infection. In fact, 75% of patients who have a diagnosis of a post–COVID-19 condition were not hospitalized for their initial infection.7 However, the severity of initial COVID-19 infection might contribute to the presence or severity of long COVID symptoms2—although findings in current literature are mixed. For example:
- In reporting from Wuhan, China, higher position on a disease severity scale during a hospital stay for COVID-19 was associated with:
- greater likelihood of reporting ≥ 1 symptoms at a 6-month follow-up
- increased risk for pulmonary diffusion abnormalities, fatigue, and mood disorders.11
- After 2 years’ follow-up of the same cohort, 55% of patients continued to report ≥ 1 symptoms of long COVID, and those who had been hospitalized with COVID-19 continued to report reduced health-related quality of life, compared to the control group.8
- Similarly, patients initially hospitalized with COVID-19 were more likely to experience impairment of ≥ 2 organs—in particular, the liver and pancreas—compared to nonhospitalized patients after a median 5 months post initial infection, among a sample in the United Kingdom.13
- In an international cohort, patients who reported a greater number of symptoms during initial COVID-19 were more likely to experience long COVID.12
- Last, long COVID fatigue did not vary by severity of initial COVID-19 infection among a sample of hospitalized and nonhospitalized participants in Dublin, Ireland.16
No specific treatments yet available
There are no specific treatments for long COVID; overall, the emphasis is on providing supportive care and managing preexisting chronic conditions.5 This is where expertise in primary care, relationships with patients and the community, and psychosocial knowledge can help patients recover from ongoing COVID-19 symptoms.
Clinicians should continue to perform a thorough physical assessment of patients with previous or ongoing COVID-19 to identify and monitor new or recurring symptoms after hospital discharge or initial resolution of symptoms.29 This approach includes developing an individualized plan for care and rehabilitation that is specific to presenting symptoms, including psychological support. We encourage family physicians to familiarize themselves with the work of Vance and colleagues,30 who have created a comprehensive tablea to guide treatment and referral for the gamut of long COVID symptoms, including cardiovascular issues (eg, palpitations, edema), chronic cough, headache, pain, and insomnia.
Continue to: This new clinical entity is a formidable challenge